The rapid evolution of neuromodulation techniques includes an increase in research into stimulation paradigms guided by patient’s neurophysiology in order to increase efficacy and responder rates. In fields such as Parkinson's disease, treatment personalization and target engagement have been shown to be effective, and closedloop paradigms have been successfully implemented in cardiac defibrillators. In psychiatry, promising avenues for physiologically informed neuromodulation are being investigated. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) has shown some promise in terms of matching stimulation frequency to individual brain rhythms. Matching the phase of those rhythms may improve neuroplasticity even further, as when TMS is combined with Electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings.
